Genoa and leprosy: from the Middle Ages to the present.

During the Middle Ages, leprosy sufferers could not live in the city and were forced outside the walls. In the centuries, the Genoese area dedicated several hospitals to lepers, such as S. Lazzaro and Pammatone Hospital, a small leprosarium in the Tigullio area and San Martino Hospital from 1935. The first doctor who recognized to cure leprosy in Genoa was Goffredo, who later was also nominated rector of the community. In the early 1900's, Radaeli promoted the construction of a leprosarium behind the San Martino hospital. In 1936 Giuseppe Mariani was known for using the leprosarium to hide Italian Jews during deportation to the extermination camps. Later, Professor Aldo Baccaredda-Boy instituted the graduate school in "Leprosy and Tropical Dermatology", continued by professor Enrico Nunzi until 1990. The leprosarium was then transformed into the Department of Tropical Dermatology and finally into the Operative Unit of Social Dermatology, a national reference center.

Ernesto "Che" Guevara, médico leprólogo / No disponible

No disponible

Lepra: doença, isolamento e segregação no contexto colonial em Moçambique / Leprosy: disease, isolation, and segregation in colonial Mozambique

Resumo A partir de documentação produzida entre a primeira metade do século XIX e a primeira metade do século XX, prioritariamente relatórios médicos, o artigo aponta as concepções vigentes na comunidade médica colonial e entre as populações locais sobre a lepra, suas manifestações e seu enfrentamento. Enfoca as tensões quanto à prática de segregação dos leprosos e suas implicações sanitárias e sociais. Para compreender as raízes dos discursos e estratégias no meio médico português e colonial, recupera-se a trajetória das definições de isolamento, segregação, lepra e suas aplicações, ou ausência de referência, na literatura de missionários, cronistas e médicos em Angola e Moçambique a partir da segunda metade do século XVII.

Abstract Drawing on documents produced between the early nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, mainly medical reports, this paper indicates the prevailing conceptions in the colonial medical community and local populations about leprosy, its manifestations, and how to deal with it. It focuses on the tensions concerning the practice of segregating lepers and its social and sanitation implications. To comprehend the roots of the discourses and strategies in the Portuguese and colonial medical environment, the trajectory of the definitions of isolation, segregation, and leprosy are traced, as are their use in or absence from the writings of missionaries, chroniclers, and doctors in Angola and Mozambique as of the second half of the seventeenth century.

Leprosy: disease, isolation, and segregation in colonial Mozambique. / Lepra: doença, isolamento e segregação no contexto colonial em Moçambique.

Drawing on documents produced between the early nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, mainly medical reports, this paper indicates the prevailing conceptions in the colonial medical community and local populations about leprosy, its manifestations, and how to deal with it. It focuses on the tensions concerning the practice of segregating lepers and its social and sanitation implications. To comprehend the roots of the discourses and strategies in the Portuguese and colonial medical environment, the trajectory of the definitions of isolation, segregation, and leprosy are traced, as are their use in or absence from the writings of missionaries, chroniclers, and doctors in Angola and Mozambique as of the second half of the seventeenth century.

[Dr Lorenzo Dojmi di Delupis- the "Leopard" from Vis]. / Dr. Lorenzo Dojmi di Delupis ­ Viski "Gepard".

Dr Lorenzo Dojmi di Delupis (1845-1927) was a descendant of a respectful aristocratic family from Vis. His father was Peter Dojmi di Delupis (1809-1886), an attorney, a moderate pro-Italian autonomist, and a mayor of Vis, and his mother was Margherita Siminati. As soon as he graduated from the Medical University of Graz in 1870, he joined the Ottoman army as a physician for a two-year journey in which he reached as far as Baghdad and Basra. He left notes about this dramatic, juvenile adventure in his diaries. In 1878, he married a Viennese girl Maria Neidl and brought her home to Vis, where he got a position of municipal doctor. He had an extraordinary diagnosing acuity, great sympathy for patients, and was always willing to help, which is why he was adored by all the people of Vis, whether they agreed with his autonomist ideas or not, and soon became "the father of Vis". He was the first to warn of leprosy in Dalmatia, when he diagnosed two cases in Vis. Beside medicine and politics, he was also a passionate botanist. He was the first to seed palms in Vis and to grow a palm nursery with his agronomist son Peter Dojmi, for the whole of Dalmatia. He also tried breeding ostriches and growing Mexican coffee. He funded a small meteorological station in Vis, and planned to open a health resort with professor Schröter from Vienna. Even though Lorenzo Dojmi di Delupis held the great Italian culture very dear, his vocation as a physician and humanist inclination never let him burn with the fervour of a political extremist. Thanks to his psychophysical stability, he overcame numerous difficulties in life and retained faith in people. All these traits evoke Prince Salina, the leading character of the renowned novel Il gattopardo (The Leopard) by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, which is why the author has so entitled this article "The Gattopardo of Vis".

[Interpreting Brazil as afflicted by disease and by the spirit of routine: the repercussion of Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna's medical report (1917-1935)]. / Uma interpretação do Brasil como doença e rotina: a repercussão do relatório médico de Arthur Neiva e Belisário Penna (1917-1935).

The release of a report on the Oswaldo Cruz Institute's 1912 scientific voyage to North and Northeast Brazil, led by physicians Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna, debate that found its way to the pages of magazines of the letters and sciences. The report used the images of disease, geographic and cultural isolation, illiteracy, poverty, and a vocation for backwardness to portray the people living in interior Brazil. These images of the sertão were extensively criticized in the periodical A Informação Goiana, published by local doctors who refused to see the interior defined as 'sickly' and 'backwards'. The article analyzes the ways in which the Neiva-Penna report distinguished itself becoming a reference for intellectual controversies surrounding the national question in Brazil.

[A Brazilian medical collection: Central Brazil in Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna's scientific expedition and Julio Paternostro's voyage to Tocantins]. / Uma brasiliana médica: o Brasil Central na expedição científica de Arthur Neiva e Belisário Penna e na viagem ao Tocantins de Julio Paternostro.

The article addresses the role played within the social imaginary of Brazil by the scientific voyages of physicians in the first half of the twentieth century. Two texts are analyzed: a report by Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna published in Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz and another by Julio Paternostro, released in 1945 in Viagem ao Tocantins. The former contributed to singling out pathology as defining mark of national identity during the First Republic (1899-1930), a fact that had repercussions in the following decades, as apparent in Paternostro's book, which at the time of its publication was presented as an indictment of national problems. These portraits of Brazil highlight as attributes of the country not only disease but also the geographic and, primarily, cultural distance separating the coast from the sertão.

Uma brasiliana médica: o Brasil Central na expedição científica de Arthur Neiva e Belisário Penna e na viagem ao Tocantins de Julio Paternostro / A Brazilian medical collection: Central Brazil in Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna's scientific expedition and Julio Paternostro's voyage to Tocantins

Aborda o papel das viagens científicas realizadas por médicos, durante a primeira metade do século XX, na imaginação social sobre o Brasil. Com esse objetivo, são analisados dois textos: o relatório de Arthur Neiva e Belisário Penna, publicado em Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, e o de Julio Paternostro, que veio a público em 1945 no livro Viagem ao Tocantins. O primeiro contribuiu para que se apontasse a patologia como marca definidora da identidade nacional durante a Primeira República (1899-1930). Esse fato teria repercussões nas décadas seguintes, como se verificou com relação ao livro de Paternostro, apresentado na época de sua publicação como obra de denúncia dos problemas nacionais. Além das doenças, a distância não apenas geográfica, mas sobretudo cultural entre litoral e sertão são os atributos ressaltados nesses retratos do Brasil.

The article addresses the role played within the social imaginary of Brazil by the scientific voyages of physicians in the first half of the twentieth century. Two texts are analyzed: a report by Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna published in Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz and another, by Julio Paternostro, released in 1945 in Viagem ao Tocantins. The former contributed to singling out pathology as the defining mark of national identity during the First Republic (1899-1930), a fact that had repercussions in the following decades, as apparent in Paternostro's book, which at the time of its publication was presented as an indictment of national problems. These portraits of Brazil highlight as attributes of the country not only disease but also the geographic and, primarily, cultural distance separating the coast from the sertão.

Uma interpretação do Brasil como doença e rotina: a repercussão do relatório médico de Arthur Neiva e Belisário Penna (1917-1935) / Interpreting Brazil as afflicted by disease and by the spirit of routine: the repercussion of Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna's medical report (1917-1935)

A divulgação do relatório da viagem científica promovida pelo Instituto Oswaldo Cruz em 1912 ao Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, realizada por Arthur Neiva e Belisário Penna, suscitou debates e ocupou espaço em revistas de letras e ciências. No documento, as populações do interior do país foram caracterizadas pelas imagens de doença, isolamento, geográfico e cultural, analfabetismo, pobreza e vocação para regredir. Essas imagens do sertão foram criticadas no periódico A Informação Goiana, editado por médicos que não admitiam ser o interior definido como 'doente' e 'atrasado'. Este artigo analisa as formas pelas quais o relatório Neiva-Penna se destacou e tornou-se referência para controvérsias intelectuais sobre a questão nacional no Brasil.

The release of a report on the Oswaldo Cruz Institute's 1912 scientific voyage to North and Northeast Brazil, led by physicians Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna, debate that found its way to the pages of magazines of the letters and sciences. The report used the images of disease, geographic and cultural isolation, illiteracy, poverty, and a vocation for backwardness to portray the people living in interior Brazil. These images of the sertão were extensively criticized in the periodical A Informação Goiana, published by local doctors who refused to see the interior defined as 'sickly' and 'backwards'. The article analyzes the ways in which the Neiva-Penna report distinguished itself, becoming a reference for intellectual controversies surrounding the national question in Brazil.

A hanseníase no Maranhão na década de 1930: rumo à Colônia do Bonfim / Hansen's disease in Maranhão in the 1930s: on the way to Colônia do Bonfim

Destacam-se alguns aspectos da hanseníase e da política de saúde para os hansenianos do Maranhão, na década de 1930. O equacionamento da doença no estado seguiu o compasso imposto pelas políticas nacionais de saúde centralizadoras, desenvolvidas no período varguista: mais vigilância sanitária sobre os portadores da moléstia e a construção de colônia de isolamento compulsório para doentes contagiantes caracterizaram sobremaneira a década no que tange à profilaxia da então chamada lepra. Achilles Lisboa foi o médico que melhor traduziu esse período, e seus discursos são aqui destacados, pois contribuíram para moldar com agressividade as políticas públicas de exclusão direcionadas aos hansenianos maranhenses.(AU)

[Medico-historical monuments in Hungary from the times of Matthias Hunyadi]. / Hunyadi Mátyás uralkodásának hazai orvostörténeti emlékei.

Author attempted to collect all available medical data of the period of the reign of Mathias Corvinus (1443-1490) who ruled Hungary for 32 years. First part of this article outlines the general medical history of this era. In the 15th century the flourishing Kingdom of Hungary was inhabited by 3-3.2 million people. Under the rule of King Matthias epidemies were frequent visitors, plague e.g. was registered 11 times, while sudor anglicus once (in 1485). The ca. 120 hospitals of the era were founded mostly in towns and market-towns. At the same time 12 leprosories worked throughout the country. Strikingly many dates and details could be collected concerning medical doctors and surgeons working in Hungary. A list of 69 medical doctors and surgeons (60 physicians and 9 surgeons) of this era known by their names is attached to the article. The second and third part of the treatise is a medical history of King Matthias of his relatives and of his court. We can read here a report on the illnesses and death of Janus Pannonius and of Joannes Vitéz who both played an important role in Hungarian culture. Author's further inquiry is focused on diseases and death of the king. Cause of his death was--according to contemporary sources and our present-day knowledge--a cerebral apoplexy. On 6th April 1490 Matthias died suddenly but not unexpected, since his health had already been deteriorated critically during the previous two years, and he had long been crippled by gout. The king's condition had been worsened probably as an effect of factors caused by visceral form of gout. These factors were cardiovascular and renal damages and hypertension, which resulted the fatal cerebral apoplexy causing the king's sudden death.

Adolpho Lutz e a coleção helmintológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz / Adolpho Lutz and the helmintological collection of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

Composto, a rigor, de duas partes distintas. Na primeira, são apresentados uma coleção de helmintos do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, os dados biográficos Adolpho Lutz e os estudos que desenvolveu em Helmintologia. Na segunda, listam-se os helmintos reunidos pelo pesquisador e todo o seu acervo é inventariado, de forma sistematizada, o que reflete a grandeza da coleção e sua importância para a ciência, especialmente para helmintologistas, zoólogos e ambientalistas.

Arouca, meu irmão: uma trajetória a favor da saúde coletiva / Arouca, my brother: a trajectory in favor of the collective health

Trabalhar com o legado de Sergio Arouca é relacionar-se com as bases filosóficas, teóricas e políticas do que se convencionou denominar a reforma sanitária, processo de luta da sociedade brasileira pelos direitos fundamentais à saúde. Iniciado em meados da década de 1970 a partir da construção de espaços de resistência democrática contra o regime militar, a reforma sanitária veio a se consolidar no texto da Constituição de 1988, quando ficou estabelecido que saúde é um direito de cidadania e um dever do Estado. A década de 1990 foi marcada pela instituição e estruturação do Sistema Único de Saúde que muitos consideram como uma das grandes conquistas das políticas públicas sociais no Brasil moderno, tendo como base a universalidade, a descentralização e a equidade. O pensamento e a ação política de Arouca foram determinantes nos principais acontecimentos relativos a esse processo, desencadeado por sua produção e atividade acadêmica, notadamente sua tese 'O dilema preventivista', seguido do período da construção do projeto anti-hegemônico da saúde, expresso por sua atuação no Centro Brasileiro de Estudos de Saúde [CEBES], sua assunção à presidência da FIOCRUZ e à presidência da VIII Conferência Nacional de Saúde, seguido de seus dois mandatos legislativos na Câmara Federal.